{"id":16869,"date":"2026-01-05T11:43:55","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T11:43:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jdd-tunisie.com\/?p=16869"},"modified":"2026-03-11T13:35:00","modified_gmt":"2026-03-11T13:35:00","slug":"%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a1%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jdd-tunisie.com\/%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a1%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u062f. 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1979 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 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href=\"#_ftn12\" id=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">.1 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f) \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 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srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jdd-tunisie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image.jpeg 756w, https:\/\/www.jdd-tunisie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-300x187.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.jdd-tunisie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-673x420.jpeg 673w, https:\/\/www.jdd-tunisie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-150x94.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/www.jdd-tunisie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-696x435.jpeg 696w, https:\/\/www.jdd-tunisie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-600x375.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 756px) 100vw, 756px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u00ab\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u00a0\u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u00bb.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u064a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 98 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2022&nbsp; \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 (\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 39 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2022&nbsp; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a 1979\u060c \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 150 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u00ab \u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 1969 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0631 (\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1979 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a 1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c(2014) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 409 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0642\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0632\u0646: (1996) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 (2008) \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 (1997)\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u061f (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c) \u0635 32<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0640\u0640\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a (2007)\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0627\u064a 2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c (2020)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0633\u062a\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633 :(2008) \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 (2008)\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062d\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c (2007)\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 123\u060c 2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c (2018)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0627\u060c (1996)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u061f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0638\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1996<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c (2015) \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 1979 \u2013 1996<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 113 \u0635 413<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c (2018)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a &#8211; \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a <\/strong><strong>webographie<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jafari, P. (2009). Rupture and revolt in Iran. International Socialism, 95-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">163.&nbsp; \/ http:\/\/www.isj.org.uk\/index.php4?id=585&amp;issue=124&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; visit\u00e9 le 29\/04\/2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1979 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a 1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Iran_1989.pdf?lang=ar\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c (2018)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a 2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">http:\/\/clp.uhd.edu.iq\/modules.php?mod=projects&#038;data_1=show&#038;data_2=0&#038;data_3=70<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Peyman Jafari , 2009, Rupture and revolt in Iran , https:\/\/pure.uva.nl\/ws\/files\/1087641\/75988_309840.pdf \/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c (2020)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627.. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/bit.ly\/33gQm36\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ted Grant(1979, The Iranian Revolution http:\/\/www.marxist.com\/iranian-revolution-grant090279.htm<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c(2021) \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/bidayatmag.com\/node\/737\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/bit.ly\/2RcobzA\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c (2006)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/bit.ly\/3ecWWxT\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (2021)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/ar\/policy-analysis\/akhtyaralmrshd-alaly-almqbl-layran\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" id=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> &nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> &nbsp;Jafari, P. (2009). Rupture and revolt in Iran. International Socialism, (124), 95-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" id=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Ted Grant 09 February, http:\/\/www.marxist.com\/iranian-revolution-grant090279.htm , Consult\u00e9 le<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13\/06\/2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" id=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 (1973) \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 : \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a 15 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1973\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0643 )\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627( \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a \u00a0\u00bb \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 1967\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3t9vgyd<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" id=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/bidayatmag.com\/node\/73%20%20\">https:\/\/bidayatmag.com\/node\/73 <\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Consult\u00e9 le12\/06\/2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" id=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> https:\/\/bidayatmag.com\/node\/ \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 737 Consult\u00e9 le<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13\/06\/2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" id=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>&nbsp; \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1979 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a 1989. https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Iran_1989.pdf?lang=ar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" id=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c (2006)&nbsp; https:\/\/bit.ly\/2RcobzA &#8211; \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 10 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" id=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Iran_1989?lang=ar\">https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Iran_1989?lang=ar<\/a> \/ Consult\u00e9 le 10\/06\/2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" id=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> &nbsp;\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 (2008) \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" id=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> &nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 https:\/\/bit.ly\/3ecWWxT \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 2025\/06\/12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" id=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" id=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> &nbsp;\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1979 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a 1989 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" id=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> &nbsp;\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0643 : \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" id=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> &nbsp;https:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/ar\/policy-analysis\/akhtyar-almrshd-alaly-almqbl-layran<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062f. \u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0637I. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u061f1. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a: 2. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a: II. \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 1. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 2. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16871,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32,33,44,45,50,54,64,66,67],"tags":[1476,1655,4254,4252,4255,3982,4256,4253],"class_list":["post-16869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-a-la-une","category-actualites","category-international","category-laune","category-opinions","category-politique-ar","category-64","category-66","category-67","tag-jdd","tag-laune-en","tag-4254","tag-4252","tag-4255","tag-3982","tag-4256","tag-4253"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a 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